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More Than Smell-COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis.

Identifieur interne : 000154 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000153; suivant : 000155

More Than Smell-COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis.

Auteurs : Valentina Parma [États-Unis] ; Kathrin Ohla [Allemagne] ; Maria G. Veldhuizen [Turquie] ; Masha Y. Niv [Israël] ; Christine E. Kelly [Royaume-Uni] ; Alyssa J. Bakke [États-Unis] ; Keiland W. Cooper [États-Unis] ; Cédric Bouysset [France] ; Nicola Pirastu [Royaume-Uni] ; Michele Dibattista [Italie] ; Rishemjit Kaur [Inde] ; Marco Tullio Liuzza [Italie] ; Marta Y. Pepino [États-Unis] ; Veronika Schöpf [Autriche] ; Veronica Pereda-Loth [France] ; Shannon B. Olsson [Inde] ; Richard C. Gerkin [États-Unis] ; Paloma Rohlfs Domínguez [Espagne] ; Javier Albayay [Italie] ; Michael C. Farruggia [États-Unis] ; Surabhi Bhutani [États-Unis] ; Alexander W. Fjaeldstad [Danemark] ; Ritesh Kumar [Royaume-Uni] ; Anna Menini [Italie] ; Moustafa Bensafi [France] ; Mari Sandell [Finlande] ; Iordanis Konstantinidis [Grèce] ; Antonella Di Pizio [Allemagne] ; Federica Genovese [États-Unis] ; Lina Öztürk [Turquie] ; Thierry Thomas-Danguin [France] ; Johannes Frasnelli [Canada] ; Sanne Boesveldt [Pays-Bas] ; Özlem Saatci [Turquie] ; Luis R. Saraiva [États-Unis, Qatar] ; Cailu Lin [États-Unis] ; Jérôme Golebiowski [France] ; Liang-Dar Hwang [Australie] ; Mehmet Hakan Ozdener [États-Unis] ; Maria Dolors Guàrdia [Espagne] ; Christophe Laudamiel [États-Unis] ; Marina Ritchie [États-Unis] ; Jan Havlícek ; Denis Pierron [France] ; Eugeni Roura [Australie] ; Marta Navarro [Australie] ; Alissa A. Nolden [États-Unis] ; Juyun Lim [États-Unis] ; Katherine L. Whitcroft [Royaume-Uni] ; Lauren R. Colquitt [États-Unis] ; Camille Ferdenzi [France] ; Evelyn V. Brindha [Inde] ; Aytug Altundag [Turquie] ; Alberto Macchi [Italie] ; Alexia Nunez-Parra [Chili] ; Zara M. Patel [États-Unis] ; Sébastien Fiorucci [France] ; Carl M. Philpott [Royaume-Uni] ; Barry C. Smith [Royaume-Uni] ; Johan N. Lundström [États-Unis, Suède] ; Carla Mucignat [Italie] ; Jane K. Parker [Royaume-Uni] ; Mirjam Van Den Brink [Pays-Bas] ; Michael Schmuker [Royaume-Uni] ; Florian Ph S. Fischmeister [Autriche] ; Thomas Heinbockel [États-Unis] ; Vonnie D C. Shields [États-Unis] ; Farhoud Faraji [États-Unis] ; Enrique Santamaría [Espagne] ; William E A. Fredborg [Suède] ; Gabriella Morini [Italie] ; Jonas K. Olofsson [Suède] ; Maryam Jalessi [Iran] ; Noam Karni [Israël] ; Anna D'Errico [Allemagne] ; Rafieh Alizadeh [Iran] ; Robert Pellegrino [États-Unis] ; Pablo Meyer [États-Unis] ; Caroline Huart [Belgique] ; Ben Chen [République populaire de Chine] ; Graciela M. Soler [Argentine] ; Mohammed K. Alwashahi [Oman] ; Antje Welge-Lüssen [Suisse] ; Jessica Freiherr [Allemagne] ; Jasper H B. De Groot [Pays-Bas] ; Hadar Klein [Israël] ; Masako Okamoto [Japon] ; Preet Bano Singh [Norvège] ; Julien W. Hsieh [Suisse] ; Danielle R. Reed [États-Unis] ; Thomas Hummel [Allemagne] ; Steven D. Munger [États-Unis] ; John E. Hayes [États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : pubmed:32564071

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation, and initial results of a multilingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8 others, aged 19-79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (-79.7 ± 28.7, mean ± standard deviation), taste (-69.0 ± 32.6), and chemesthetic (-37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.

DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa041
PubMed: 32564071
PubMed Central: PMC7337664


Affiliations:


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<name sortKey="Sandell, Mari" sort="Sandell, Mari" uniqKey="Sandell M" first="Mari" last="Sandell">Mari Sandell</name>
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<name sortKey="Genovese, Federica" sort="Genovese, Federica" uniqKey="Genovese F" first="Federica" last="Genovese">Federica Genovese</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ozturk, Lina" sort="Ozturk, Lina" uniqKey="Ozturk L" first="Lina" last="Öztürk">Lina Öztürk</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Campus, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Campus, Yenişehir, Mersin</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mersin</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Thomas Danguin, Thierry" sort="Thomas Danguin, Thierry" uniqKey="Thomas Danguin T" first="Thierry" last="Thomas-Danguin">Thierry Thomas-Danguin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>CSGA-Centre for Taste and Feeding Behavior, INRAE, CNRS, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 17 rue Sully, Dijon, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CSGA-Centre for Taste and Feeding Behavior, INRAE, CNRS, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 17 rue Sully, Dijon</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</region>
<region type="old region">Bourgogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Dijon</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Frasnelli, Johannes" sort="Frasnelli, Johannes" uniqKey="Frasnelli J" first="Johannes" last="Frasnelli">Johannes Frasnelli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Trois-Rivières</settlement>
<region type="state">Québec</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Boesveldt, Sanne" sort="Boesveldt, Sanne" uniqKey="Boesveldt S" first="Sanne" last="Boesveldt">Sanne Boesveldt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng, WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng, WE Wageningen</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Wageningue</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Wageningue</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Gueldre (province)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saatci, Ozlem" sort="Saatci, Ozlem" uniqKey="Saatci O" first="Özlem" last="Saatci">Özlem Saatci</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Science University, Emek, Sancaktepe-İstanbul, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Science University, Emek, Sancaktepe-İstanbul</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Sancaktepe-İstanbul</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saraiva, Luis R" sort="Saraiva, Luis R" uniqKey="Saraiva L" first="Luis R" last="Saraiva">Luis R. Saraiva</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Sidra Medicine, Out Patient Clinic, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Qatar</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sidra Medicine, Out Patient Clinic, Doha</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Doha</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lin, Cailu" sort="Lin, Cailu" uniqKey="Lin C" first="Cailu" last="Lin">Cailu Lin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Golebiowski, Jerome" sort="Golebiowski, Jerome" uniqKey="Golebiowski J" first="Jérôme" last="Golebiowski">Jérôme Golebiowski</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Nice</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hwang, Liang Dar" sort="Hwang, Liang Dar" uniqKey="Hwang L" first="Liang-Dar" last="Hwang">Liang-Dar Hwang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan" sort="Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan" uniqKey="Ozdener M" first="Mehmet Hakan" last="Ozdener">Mehmet Hakan Ozdener</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Guardia, Maria Dolors" sort="Guardia, Maria Dolors" uniqKey="Guardia M" first="Maria Dolors" last="Guàrdia">Maria Dolors Guàrdia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>IRTA-Food Technology Programme, IRTA, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, Girona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IRTA-Food Technology Programme, IRTA, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, Girona</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Girona</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Laudamiel, Christophe" sort="Laudamiel, Christophe" uniqKey="Laudamiel C" first="Christophe" last="Laudamiel">Christophe Laudamiel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>DreamAir LLC, Department of Scent Engineering, Broadway, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>DreamAir LLC, Department of Scent Engineering, Broadway, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ritchie, Marina" sort="Ritchie, Marina" uniqKey="Ritchie M" first="Marina" last="Ritchie">Marina Ritchie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Havlicek, Jan" sort="Havlicek, Jan" uniqKey="Havlicek J" first="Jan" last="Havlícek">Jan Havlícek</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Charles University, Viničná, Nové Město, Czechia.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">Czechia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pierron, Denis" sort="Pierron, Denis" uniqKey="Pierron D" first="Denis" last="Pierron">Denis Pierron</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Équipe de Médecine Evolutive, UMR5288 CNRS/Université Toulouse III, faculté de chirurgie dentaire, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Équipe de Médecine Evolutive, UMR5288 CNRS/Université Toulouse III, faculté de chirurgie dentaire, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region">Midi-Pyrénées</region>
<settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Roura, Eugeni" sort="Roura, Eugeni" uniqKey="Roura E" first="Eugeni" last="Roura">Eugeni Roura</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Navarro, Marta" sort="Navarro, Marta" uniqKey="Navarro M" first="Marta" last="Navarro">Marta Navarro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nolden, Alissa A" sort="Nolden, Alissa A" uniqKey="Nolden A" first="Alissa A" last="Nolden">Alissa A. Nolden</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
<settlement type="city">Amherst (Massachusetts)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Massachusetts</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lim, Juyun" sort="Lim, Juyun" uniqKey="Lim J" first="Juyun" last="Lim">Juyun Lim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Oregon</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Whitcroft, Katherine L" sort="Whitcroft, Katherine L" uniqKey="Whitcroft K" first="Katherine L" last="Whitcroft">Katherine L. Whitcroft</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ear Institute, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Colquitt, Lauren R" sort="Colquitt, Lauren R" uniqKey="Colquitt L" first="Lauren R" last="Colquitt">Lauren R. Colquitt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ferdenzi, Camille" sort="Ferdenzi, Camille" uniqKey="Ferdenzi C" first="Camille" last="Ferdenzi">Camille Ferdenzi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Neuropop Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292-INSERM U1028-University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 95 bd Pinel, Bron, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Neuropop Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292-INSERM U1028-University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 95 bd Pinel, Bron</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bron</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Bron</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brindha, Evelyn V" sort="Brindha, Evelyn V" uniqKey="Brindha E" first="Evelyn V" last="Brindha">Evelyn V. Brindha</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tamilnadu</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Altundag, Aytug" sort="Altundag, Aytug" uniqKey="Altundag A" first="Aytug" last="Altundag">Aytug Altundag</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Otorhinolaryngology Department, Biruni University, Protokol Yolu, Topkapı, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Otorhinolaryngology Department, Biruni University, Protokol Yolu, Topkapı, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Istanbul</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Macchi, Alberto" sort="Macchi, Alberto" uniqKey="Macchi A" first="Alberto" last="Macchi">Alberto Macchi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Italian Academy of Rhinology Asst Settelaghi-University of Insubriae, via Guicciardini, Varese, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Italian Academy of Rhinology Asst Settelaghi-University of Insubriae, via Guicciardini, Varese</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Varese</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nunez Parra, Alexia" sort="Nunez Parra, Alexia" uniqKey="Nunez Parra A" first="Alexia" last="Nunez-Parra">Alexia Nunez-Parra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras, Santiago</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Santiago</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Patel, Zara M" sort="Patel, Zara M" uniqKey="Patel Z" first="Zara M" last="Patel">Zara M. Patel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fiorucci, Sebastien" sort="Fiorucci, Sebastien" uniqKey="Fiorucci S" first="Sébastien" last="Fiorucci">Sébastien Fiorucci</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Nice</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Philpott, Carl M" sort="Philpott, Carl M" uniqKey="Philpott C" first="Carl M" last="Philpott">Carl M. Philpott</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>The Norfolk Smell and Taste Clinic, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Norfolk Smell and Taste Clinic, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Smith, Barry C" sort="Smith, Barry C" uniqKey="Smith B" first="Barry C" last="Smith">Barry C. Smith</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Centre for the Study of the Senses, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for the Study of the Senses, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lundstrom, Johan N" sort="Lundstrom, Johan N" uniqKey="Lundstrom J" first="Johan N" last="Lundström">Johan N. Lundström</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mucignat, Carla" sort="Mucignat, Carla" uniqKey="Mucignat C" first="Carla" last="Mucignat">Carla Mucignat</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Marzolo, Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Marzolo, Padova</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padova</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Parker, Jane K" sort="Parker, Jane K" uniqKey="Parker J" first="Jane K" last="Parker">Jane K. Parker</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reading</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Den Brink, Mirjam" sort="Van Den Brink, Mirjam" uniqKey="Van Den Brink M" first="Mirjam" last="Van Den Brink">Mirjam Van Den Brink</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Nassaustraat, BV Venlo, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Nassaustraat, BV Venlo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>BV Venlo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schmuker, Michael" sort="Schmuker, Michael" uniqKey="Schmuker M" first="Michael" last="Schmuker">Michael Schmuker</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Biocomputation Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biocomputation Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hatfield</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fischmeister, Florian Ph S" sort="Fischmeister, Florian Ph S" uniqKey="Fischmeister F" first="Florian Ph S" last="Fischmeister">Florian Ph S. Fischmeister</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, Graz, Austria.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, Graz</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Graz</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Heinbockel, Thomas" sort="Heinbockel, Thomas" uniqKey="Heinbockel T" first="Thomas" last="Heinbockel">Thomas Heinbockel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, N.W., Washington, DC, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, N.W., Washington, DC</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">District de Columbia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shields, Vonnie D C" sort="Shields, Vonnie D C" uniqKey="Shields V" first="Vonnie D C" last="Shields">Vonnie D C. Shields</name>
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<country>États-Unis</country>
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<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Biological Sciences Department, Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson</wicri:cityArea>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Faraji, Farhoud" sort="Faraji, Farhoud" uniqKey="Faraji F" first="Farhoud" last="Faraji">Farhoud Faraji</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego Health, MC La Jolla, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego Health, MC La Jolla, CA</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Santamaria, Enrique" sort="Santamaria, Enrique" uniqKey="Santamaria E" first="Enrique" last="Santamaría">Enrique Santamaría</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Proteored-ISCIII, Pamplona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Proteored-ISCIII, Pamplona</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Pamplona</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fredborg, William E A" sort="Fredborg, William E A" uniqKey="Fredborg W" first="William E A" last="Fredborg">William E A. Fredborg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescativägen, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescativägen, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
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</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Stockholm</orgName>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Morini, Gabriella" sort="Morini, Gabriella" uniqKey="Morini G" first="Gabriella" last="Morini">Gabriella Morini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II 9, Bra, Pollenzo, CN, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II 9, Bra, Pollenzo, CN</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>CN</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olofsson, Jonas K" sort="Olofsson, Jonas K" uniqKey="Olofsson J" first="Jonas K" last="Olofsson">Jonas K. Olofsson</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescativägen, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescativägen, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Stockholm</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jalessi, Maryam" sort="Jalessi, Maryam" uniqKey="Jalessi M" first="Maryam" last="Jalessi">Maryam Jalessi</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Sattarkhan Ave., Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Sattarkhan Ave., Tehran</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Karni, Noam" sort="Karni, Noam" uniqKey="Karni N" first="Noam" last="Karni">Noam Karni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Internal Medicine Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Kiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Internal Medicine Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Kiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Jerusalem</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="D Errico, Anna" sort="D Errico, Anna" uniqKey="D Errico A" first="Anna" last="D'Errico">Anna D'Errico</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max von Laue Strasse, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max von Laue Strasse, Frankfurt am Main</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region>
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</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Johann Wolfgang Goethe de Francfort-sur-le-Main</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alizadeh, Rafieh" sort="Alizadeh, Rafieh" uniqKey="Alizadeh R" first="Rafieh" last="Alizadeh">Rafieh Alizadeh</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
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<nlm:affiliation>Food Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Food Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Meyer, Pablo" sort="Meyer, Pablo" uniqKey="Meyer P" first="Pablo" last="Meyer">Pablo Meyer</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Health Care and Life Sciences, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Health Care and Life Sciences, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Huart, Caroline" sort="Huart, Caroline" uniqKey="Huart C" first="Caroline" last="Huart">Caroline Huart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, Ben" sort="Chen, Ben" uniqKey="Chen B" first="Ben" last="Chen">Ben Chen</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Liwan District, Guangzhou City, China.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Liwan District, Guangzhou City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Guangzhou City</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Soler, Graciela M" sort="Soler, Graciela M" uniqKey="Soler G" first="Graciela M" last="Soler">Graciela M. Soler</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaringology, Buenos Aires University and GEOG (Grupo de Estudio de Olfato y Gusto), Calle Paraguay, Piso 3. CABA (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), Argentina.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaringology, Buenos Aires University and GEOG (Grupo de Estudio de Olfato y Gusto), Calle Paraguay, Piso 3. CABA (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires)</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Piso 3. CABA (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires)</wicri:noRegion>
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<nlm:affiliation>Surgery Department, ENT Division, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Al Khoud, Muscat, Oman.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Oman</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Surgery Department, ENT Division, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Al Khoud, Muscat</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Welge Lussen, Antje" sort="Welge Lussen, Antje" uniqKey="Welge Lussen A" first="Antje" last="Welge-Lüssen">Antje Welge-Lüssen</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben, Basel</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Basel</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Freiherr, Jessica" sort="Freiherr, Jessica" uniqKey="Freiherr J" first="Jessica" last="Freiherr">Jessica Freiherr</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage, Erlangen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage, Erlangen</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Erlangen</settlement>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Moyenne-Franconie</region>
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</affiliation>
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<name sortKey="De Groot, Jasper H B" sort="De Groot, Jasper H B" uniqKey="De Groot J" first="Jasper H B" last="De Groot">Jasper H B. De Groot</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, CS Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Utrecht (province)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Klein, Hadar" sort="Klein, Hadar" uniqKey="Klein H" first="Hadar" last="Klein">Hadar Klein</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Rehovot</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Okamoto, Masako" sort="Okamoto, Masako" uniqKey="Okamoto M" first="Masako" last="Okamoto">Masako Okamoto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Tokyo</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Singh, Preet Bano" sort="Singh, Preet Bano" uniqKey="Singh P" first="Preet Bano" last="Singh">Preet Bano Singh</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Hsieh, Julien W" sort="Hsieh, Julien W" uniqKey="Hsieh J" first="Julien W" last="Hsieh">Julien W. Hsieh</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, ENT Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, ENT Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, Geneva</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Reed, Danielle R" sort="Reed, Danielle R" uniqKey="Reed D" first="Danielle R" last="Reed">Danielle R. Reed</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Hummel, Thomas" sort="Hummel, Thomas" uniqKey="Hummel T" first="Thomas" last="Hummel">Thomas Hummel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Helmholtzstr., Dresden, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Helmholtzstr., Dresden</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region>
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<name sortKey="Munger, Steven D" sort="Munger, Steven D" uniqKey="Munger S" first="Steven D" last="Munger">Steven D. Munger</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, , Rm LG-101D, Gainesville, FL, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
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<region type="state">Floride</region>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Hayes, John E" sort="Hayes, John E" uniqKey="Hayes J" first="John E" last="Hayes">John E. Hayes</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA</wicri:regionArea>
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<title xml:lang="en">More Than Smell-COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis.</title>
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<name sortKey="Parma, Valentina" sort="Parma, Valentina" uniqKey="Parma V" first="Valentina" last="Parma">Valentina Parma</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
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<name sortKey="Ohla, Kathrin" sort="Ohla, Kathrin" uniqKey="Ohla K" first="Kathrin" last="Ohla">Kathrin Ohla</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Veldhuizen, Maria G" sort="Veldhuizen, Maria G" uniqKey="Veldhuizen M" first="Maria G" last="Veldhuizen">Maria G. Veldhuizen</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Campus, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country>
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<name sortKey="Niv, Masha Y" sort="Niv, Masha Y" uniqKey="Niv M" first="Masha Y" last="Niv">Masha Y. Niv</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
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<name sortKey="Kelly, Christine E" sort="Kelly, Christine E" uniqKey="Kelly C" first="Christine E" last="Kelly">Christine E. Kelly</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Cooper, Keiland W" sort="Cooper, Keiland W" uniqKey="Cooper K" first="Keiland W" last="Cooper">Keiland W. Cooper</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California and Qureshey Research Laboratory, Irvine, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California and Qureshey Research Laboratory, Irvine, CA</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Californie</region>
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<name sortKey="Bouysset, Cedric" sort="Bouysset, Cedric" uniqKey="Bouysset C" first="Cédric" last="Bouysset">Cédric Bouysset</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Pirastu, Nicola" sort="Pirastu, Nicola" uniqKey="Pirastu N" first="Nicola" last="Pirastu">Nicola Pirastu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement>
<region type="country">Écosse</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dibattista, Michele" sort="Dibattista, Michele" uniqKey="Dibattista M" first="Michele" last="Dibattista">Michele Dibattista</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro, P.zza G. Cesare, Bari, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro, P.zza G. Cesare, Bari</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bari</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kaur, Rishemjit" sort="Kaur, Rishemjit" uniqKey="Kaur R" first="Rishemjit" last="Kaur">Rishemjit Kaur</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Chandigarh</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liuzza, Marco Tullio" sort="Liuzza, Marco Tullio" uniqKey="Liuzza M" first="Marco Tullio" last="Liuzza">Marco Tullio Liuzza</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Loc. Germaneto), Catanzaro, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Loc. Germaneto), Catanzaro</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Catanzaro</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pepino, Marta Y" sort="Pepino, Marta Y" uniqKey="Pepino M" first="Marta Y" last="Pepino">Marta Y. Pepino</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schopf, Veronika" sort="Schopf, Veronika" uniqKey="Schopf V" first="Veronika" last="Schöpf">Veronika Schöpf</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Vienne (Autriche)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pereda Loth, Veronica" sort="Pereda Loth, Veronica" uniqKey="Pereda Loth V" first="Veronica" last="Pereda-Loth">Veronica Pereda-Loth</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthese, UMR 5288 CNRS, Universitéde Toulouse, Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthese, UMR 5288 CNRS, Universitéde Toulouse, Toulouse</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region">Midi-Pyrénées</region>
<settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olsson, Shannon B" sort="Olsson, Shannon B" uniqKey="Olsson S" first="Shannon B" last="Olsson">Shannon B. Olsson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bengaluru</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gerkin, Richard C" sort="Gerkin, Richard C" uniqKey="Gerkin R" first="Richard C" last="Gerkin">Richard C. Gerkin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Arizona</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rohlfs Dominguez, Paloma" sort="Rohlfs Dominguez, Paloma" uniqKey="Rohlfs Dominguez P" first="Paloma" last="Rohlfs Domínguez">Paloma Rohlfs Domínguez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychology and Anthropology, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad, s/n, Cáceres, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology and Anthropology, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad, s/n, Cáceres</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cáceres</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Albayay, Javier" sort="Albayay, Javier" uniqKey="Albayay J" first="Javier" last="Albayay">Javier Albayay</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, Padova</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padova</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Farruggia, Michael C" sort="Farruggia, Michael C" uniqKey="Farruggia M" first="Michael C" last="Farruggia">Michael C. Farruggia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bhutani, Surabhi" sort="Bhutani, Surabhi" uniqKey="Bhutani S" first="Surabhi" last="Bhutani">Surabhi Bhutani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fjaeldstad, Alexander W" sort="Fjaeldstad, Alexander W" uniqKey="Fjaeldstad A" first="Alexander W" last="Fjaeldstad">Alexander W. Fjaeldstad</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Flavour Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Central Denmark Region, Laegaardvej, Holstebro, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Flavour Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Central Denmark Region, Laegaardvej, Holstebro</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Holstebro</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kumar, Ritesh" sort="Kumar, Ritesh" uniqKey="Kumar R" first="Ritesh" last="Kumar">Ritesh Kumar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Biocomputation Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biocomputation Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hatfield</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Menini, Anna" sort="Menini, Anna" uniqKey="Menini A" first="Anna" last="Menini">Anna Menini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies, SISSA, Via Bonomea, Trieste, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies, SISSA, Via Bonomea, Trieste</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Trieste</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bensafi, Moustafa" sort="Bensafi, Moustafa" uniqKey="Bensafi M" first="Moustafa" last="Bensafi">Moustafa Bensafi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Neuropop Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292-INSERM U1028-University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 95 bd Pinel, Bron, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Neuropop Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292-INSERM U1028-University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 95 bd Pinel, Bron</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bron</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Bron</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sandell, Mari" sort="Sandell, Mari" uniqKey="Sandell M" first="Mari" last="Sandell">Mari Sandell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Turku</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Finlande occidentale</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Turku</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Konstantinidis, Iordanis" sort="Konstantinidis, Iordanis" uniqKey="Konstantinidis I" first="Iordanis" last="Konstantinidis">Iordanis Konstantinidis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>2nd Academic Otorhinolaryngology Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea>2nd Academic Otorhinolaryngology Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Thessaloniki</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Di Pizio, Antonella" sort="Di Pizio, Antonella" uniqKey="Di Pizio A" first="Antonella" last="Di Pizio">Antonella Di Pizio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str., Freising, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str., Freising</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Freising</wicri:noRegion>
<orgName type="university">Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Genovese, Federica" sort="Genovese, Federica" uniqKey="Genovese F" first="Federica" last="Genovese">Federica Genovese</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ozturk, Lina" sort="Ozturk, Lina" uniqKey="Ozturk L" first="Lina" last="Öztürk">Lina Öztürk</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Campus, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Campus, Yenişehir, Mersin</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mersin</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Thomas Danguin, Thierry" sort="Thomas Danguin, Thierry" uniqKey="Thomas Danguin T" first="Thierry" last="Thomas-Danguin">Thierry Thomas-Danguin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>CSGA-Centre for Taste and Feeding Behavior, INRAE, CNRS, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 17 rue Sully, Dijon, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CSGA-Centre for Taste and Feeding Behavior, INRAE, CNRS, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 17 rue Sully, Dijon</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</region>
<region type="old region">Bourgogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Dijon</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Frasnelli, Johannes" sort="Frasnelli, Johannes" uniqKey="Frasnelli J" first="Johannes" last="Frasnelli">Johannes Frasnelli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Trois-Rivières</settlement>
<region type="state">Québec</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Boesveldt, Sanne" sort="Boesveldt, Sanne" uniqKey="Boesveldt S" first="Sanne" last="Boesveldt">Sanne Boesveldt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng, WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng, WE Wageningen</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Wageningue</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Wageningue</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Gueldre (province)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saatci, Ozlem" sort="Saatci, Ozlem" uniqKey="Saatci O" first="Özlem" last="Saatci">Özlem Saatci</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Science University, Emek, Sancaktepe-İstanbul, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Science University, Emek, Sancaktepe-İstanbul</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Sancaktepe-İstanbul</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saraiva, Luis R" sort="Saraiva, Luis R" uniqKey="Saraiva L" first="Luis R" last="Saraiva">Luis R. Saraiva</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Sidra Medicine, Out Patient Clinic, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Qatar</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sidra Medicine, Out Patient Clinic, Doha</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Doha</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lin, Cailu" sort="Lin, Cailu" uniqKey="Lin C" first="Cailu" last="Lin">Cailu Lin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Golebiowski, Jerome" sort="Golebiowski, Jerome" uniqKey="Golebiowski J" first="Jérôme" last="Golebiowski">Jérôme Golebiowski</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Nice</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hwang, Liang Dar" sort="Hwang, Liang Dar" uniqKey="Hwang L" first="Liang-Dar" last="Hwang">Liang-Dar Hwang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan" sort="Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan" uniqKey="Ozdener M" first="Mehmet Hakan" last="Ozdener">Mehmet Hakan Ozdener</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Guardia, Maria Dolors" sort="Guardia, Maria Dolors" uniqKey="Guardia M" first="Maria Dolors" last="Guàrdia">Maria Dolors Guàrdia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>IRTA-Food Technology Programme, IRTA, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, Girona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IRTA-Food Technology Programme, IRTA, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, Girona</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Girona</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Laudamiel, Christophe" sort="Laudamiel, Christophe" uniqKey="Laudamiel C" first="Christophe" last="Laudamiel">Christophe Laudamiel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>DreamAir LLC, Department of Scent Engineering, Broadway, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>DreamAir LLC, Department of Scent Engineering, Broadway, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ritchie, Marina" sort="Ritchie, Marina" uniqKey="Ritchie M" first="Marina" last="Ritchie">Marina Ritchie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Havlicek, Jan" sort="Havlicek, Jan" uniqKey="Havlicek J" first="Jan" last="Havlícek">Jan Havlícek</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Charles University, Viničná, Nové Město, Czechia.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">Czechia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pierron, Denis" sort="Pierron, Denis" uniqKey="Pierron D" first="Denis" last="Pierron">Denis Pierron</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Équipe de Médecine Evolutive, UMR5288 CNRS/Université Toulouse III, faculté de chirurgie dentaire, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Équipe de Médecine Evolutive, UMR5288 CNRS/Université Toulouse III, faculté de chirurgie dentaire, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region">Midi-Pyrénées</region>
<settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Roura, Eugeni" sort="Roura, Eugeni" uniqKey="Roura E" first="Eugeni" last="Roura">Eugeni Roura</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Navarro, Marta" sort="Navarro, Marta" uniqKey="Navarro M" first="Marta" last="Navarro">Marta Navarro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>QLD</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nolden, Alissa A" sort="Nolden, Alissa A" uniqKey="Nolden A" first="Alissa A" last="Nolden">Alissa A. Nolden</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
<settlement type="city">Amherst (Massachusetts)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Massachusetts</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lim, Juyun" sort="Lim, Juyun" uniqKey="Lim J" first="Juyun" last="Lim">Juyun Lim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Oregon</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Whitcroft, Katherine L" sort="Whitcroft, Katherine L" uniqKey="Whitcroft K" first="Katherine L" last="Whitcroft">Katherine L. Whitcroft</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ear Institute, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Colquitt, Lauren R" sort="Colquitt, Lauren R" uniqKey="Colquitt L" first="Lauren R" last="Colquitt">Lauren R. Colquitt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ferdenzi, Camille" sort="Ferdenzi, Camille" uniqKey="Ferdenzi C" first="Camille" last="Ferdenzi">Camille Ferdenzi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Neuropop Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292-INSERM U1028-University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 95 bd Pinel, Bron, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Neuropop Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292-INSERM U1028-University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 95 bd Pinel, Bron</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bron</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Bron</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brindha, Evelyn V" sort="Brindha, Evelyn V" uniqKey="Brindha E" first="Evelyn V" last="Brindha">Evelyn V. Brindha</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tamilnadu</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Altundag, Aytug" sort="Altundag, Aytug" uniqKey="Altundag A" first="Aytug" last="Altundag">Aytug Altundag</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Otorhinolaryngology Department, Biruni University, Protokol Yolu, Topkapı, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Otorhinolaryngology Department, Biruni University, Protokol Yolu, Topkapı, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Istanbul</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Macchi, Alberto" sort="Macchi, Alberto" uniqKey="Macchi A" first="Alberto" last="Macchi">Alberto Macchi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Italian Academy of Rhinology Asst Settelaghi-University of Insubriae, via Guicciardini, Varese, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Italian Academy of Rhinology Asst Settelaghi-University of Insubriae, via Guicciardini, Varese</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Varese</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nunez Parra, Alexia" sort="Nunez Parra, Alexia" uniqKey="Nunez Parra A" first="Alexia" last="Nunez-Parra">Alexia Nunez-Parra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras, Santiago</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Santiago</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Patel, Zara M" sort="Patel, Zara M" uniqKey="Patel Z" first="Zara M" last="Patel">Zara M. Patel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fiorucci, Sebastien" sort="Fiorucci, Sebastien" uniqKey="Fiorucci S" first="Sébastien" last="Fiorucci">Sébastien Fiorucci</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Nice</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Philpott, Carl M" sort="Philpott, Carl M" uniqKey="Philpott C" first="Carl M" last="Philpott">Carl M. Philpott</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>The Norfolk Smell and Taste Clinic, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Norfolk Smell and Taste Clinic, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Norwich</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Smith, Barry C" sort="Smith, Barry C" uniqKey="Smith B" first="Barry C" last="Smith">Barry C. Smith</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Centre for the Study of the Senses, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for the Study of the Senses, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lundstrom, Johan N" sort="Lundstrom, Johan N" uniqKey="Lundstrom J" first="Johan N" last="Lundström">Johan N. Lundström</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mucignat, Carla" sort="Mucignat, Carla" uniqKey="Mucignat C" first="Carla" last="Mucignat">Carla Mucignat</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Marzolo, Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Marzolo, Padova</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padova</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Parker, Jane K" sort="Parker, Jane K" uniqKey="Parker J" first="Jane K" last="Parker">Jane K. Parker</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reading</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Den Brink, Mirjam" sort="Van Den Brink, Mirjam" uniqKey="Van Den Brink M" first="Mirjam" last="Van Den Brink">Mirjam Van Den Brink</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Nassaustraat, BV Venlo, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Nassaustraat, BV Venlo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>BV Venlo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schmuker, Michael" sort="Schmuker, Michael" uniqKey="Schmuker M" first="Michael" last="Schmuker">Michael Schmuker</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Biocomputation Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biocomputation Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hatfield</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fischmeister, Florian Ph S" sort="Fischmeister, Florian Ph S" uniqKey="Fischmeister F" first="Florian Ph S" last="Fischmeister">Florian Ph S. Fischmeister</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, Graz, Austria.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, Graz</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Graz</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Heinbockel, Thomas" sort="Heinbockel, Thomas" uniqKey="Heinbockel T" first="Thomas" last="Heinbockel">Thomas Heinbockel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, N.W., Washington, DC, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, N.W., Washington, DC</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">District de Columbia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shields, Vonnie D C" sort="Shields, Vonnie D C" uniqKey="Shields V" first="Vonnie D C" last="Shields">Vonnie D C. Shields</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Biological Sciences Department, Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, MD USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Biological Sciences Department, Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Faraji, Farhoud" sort="Faraji, Farhoud" uniqKey="Faraji F" first="Farhoud" last="Faraji">Farhoud Faraji</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego Health, MC La Jolla, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego Health, MC La Jolla, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Santamaria, Enrique" sort="Santamaria, Enrique" uniqKey="Santamaria E" first="Enrique" last="Santamaría">Enrique Santamaría</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Proteored-ISCIII, Pamplona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Proteored-ISCIII, Pamplona</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Pamplona</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fredborg, William E A" sort="Fredborg, William E A" uniqKey="Fredborg W" first="William E A" last="Fredborg">William E A. Fredborg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescativägen, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescativägen, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Stockholm</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Morini, Gabriella" sort="Morini, Gabriella" uniqKey="Morini G" first="Gabriella" last="Morini">Gabriella Morini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II 9, Bra, Pollenzo, CN, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II 9, Bra, Pollenzo, CN</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>CN</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olofsson, Jonas K" sort="Olofsson, Jonas K" uniqKey="Olofsson J" first="Jonas K" last="Olofsson">Jonas K. Olofsson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescativägen, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescativägen, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Stockholm</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jalessi, Maryam" sort="Jalessi, Maryam" uniqKey="Jalessi M" first="Maryam" last="Jalessi">Maryam Jalessi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Sattarkhan Ave., Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Sattarkhan Ave., Tehran</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Karni, Noam" sort="Karni, Noam" uniqKey="Karni N" first="Noam" last="Karni">Noam Karni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Internal Medicine Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Kiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Internal Medicine Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Kiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Jerusalem</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="D Errico, Anna" sort="D Errico, Anna" uniqKey="D Errico A" first="Anna" last="D'Errico">Anna D'Errico</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max von Laue Strasse, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max von Laue Strasse, Frankfurt am Main</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region>
<settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Johann Wolfgang Goethe de Francfort-sur-le-Main</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alizadeh, Rafieh" sort="Alizadeh, Rafieh" uniqKey="Alizadeh R" first="Rafieh" last="Alizadeh">Rafieh Alizadeh</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pellegrino, Robert" sort="Pellegrino, Robert" uniqKey="Pellegrino R" first="Robert" last="Pellegrino">Robert Pellegrino</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Food Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Food Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Meyer, Pablo" sort="Meyer, Pablo" uniqKey="Meyer P" first="Pablo" last="Meyer">Pablo Meyer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Health Care and Life Sciences, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Health Care and Life Sciences, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Huart, Caroline" sort="Huart, Caroline" uniqKey="Huart C" first="Caroline" last="Huart">Caroline Huart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, Ben" sort="Chen, Ben" uniqKey="Chen B" first="Ben" last="Chen">Ben Chen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Liwan District, Guangzhou City, China.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Liwan District, Guangzhou City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Guangzhou City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Soler, Graciela M" sort="Soler, Graciela M" uniqKey="Soler G" first="Graciela M" last="Soler">Graciela M. Soler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaringology, Buenos Aires University and GEOG (Grupo de Estudio de Olfato y Gusto), Calle Paraguay, Piso 3. CABA (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), Argentina.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaringology, Buenos Aires University and GEOG (Grupo de Estudio de Olfato y Gusto), Calle Paraguay, Piso 3. CABA (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires)</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Piso 3. CABA (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires)</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alwashahi, Mohammed K" sort="Alwashahi, Mohammed K" uniqKey="Alwashahi M" first="Mohammed K" last="Alwashahi">Mohammed K. Alwashahi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Surgery Department, ENT Division, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Al Khoud, Muscat, Oman.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Oman</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Surgery Department, ENT Division, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Al Khoud, Muscat</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Muscat</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Welge Lussen, Antje" sort="Welge Lussen, Antje" uniqKey="Welge Lussen A" first="Antje" last="Welge-Lüssen">Antje Welge-Lüssen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, CS Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Klein, Hadar" sort="Klein, Hadar" uniqKey="Klein H" first="Hadar" last="Klein">Hadar Klein</name>
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<name sortKey="Okamoto, Masako" sort="Okamoto, Masako" uniqKey="Okamoto M" first="Masako" last="Okamoto">Masako Okamoto</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
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<name sortKey="Singh, Preet Bano" sort="Singh, Preet Bano" uniqKey="Singh P" first="Preet Bano" last="Singh">Preet Bano Singh</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Hsieh, Julien W" sort="Hsieh, Julien W" uniqKey="Hsieh J" first="Julien W" last="Hsieh">Julien W. Hsieh</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, ENT Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, ENT Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, Geneva</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Reed, Danielle R" sort="Reed, Danielle R" uniqKey="Reed D" first="Danielle R" last="Reed">Danielle R. Reed</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
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<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
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<name sortKey="Hummel, Thomas" sort="Hummel, Thomas" uniqKey="Hummel T" first="Thomas" last="Hummel">Thomas Hummel</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Helmholtzstr., Dresden, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Helmholtzstr., Dresden</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region>
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<name sortKey="Munger, Steven D" sort="Munger, Steven D" uniqKey="Munger S" first="Steven D" last="Munger">Steven D. Munger</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, , Rm LG-101D, Gainesville, FL, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, , Rm LG-101D, Gainesville, FL</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hayes, John E" sort="Hayes, John E" uniqKey="Hayes J" first="John E" last="Hayes">John E. Hayes</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">University Park (Pennsylvanie)</settlement>
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<title level="j">Chemical senses</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1464-3553</idno>
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<term>Adult (MeSH)</term>
<term>Aged (MeSH)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (isolation & purification)</term>
<term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (complications)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (diagnosis)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (virology)</term>
<term>Female (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Male (MeSH)</term>
<term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term>
<term>Olfaction Disorders (etiology)</term>
<term>Olfaction Disorders (virology)</term>
<term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (complications)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (diagnosis)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (virology)</term>
<term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term>
<term>Self Report (MeSH)</term>
<term>Smell (MeSH)</term>
<term>Somatosensory Disorders (etiology)</term>
<term>Somatosensory Disorders (virology)</term>
<term>Surveys and Questionnaires (MeSH)</term>
<term>Taste (MeSH)</term>
<term>Taste Disorders (etiology)</term>
<term>Taste Disorders (virology)</term>
<term>Young Adult (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
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<term>Adulte (MeSH)</term>
<term>Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH)</term>
<term>Autorapport (MeSH)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (isolement et purification)</term>
<term>Enquêtes et questionnaires (MeSH)</term>
<term>Femelle (MeSH)</term>
<term>Goût (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humains (MeSH)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (complications)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (diagnostic)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (virologie)</term>
<term>Jeune adulte (MeSH)</term>
<term>Mâle (MeSH)</term>
<term>Odorat (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (complications)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (diagnostic)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (virologie)</term>
<term>Sujet âgé (MeSH)</term>
<term>Troubles de l'olfaction (virologie)</term>
<term>Troubles de l'olfaction (étiologie)</term>
<term>Troubles du goût (virologie)</term>
<term>Troubles du goût (étiologie)</term>
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<term>Troubles somatosensoriels (étiologie)</term>
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<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
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<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
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<term>Somatosensory Disorders</term>
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<term>Betacoronavirus</term>
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<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
<term>Troubles de l'olfaction</term>
<term>Troubles du goût</term>
<term>Troubles somatosensoriels</term>
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<term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Olfaction Disorders</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
<term>Somatosensory Disorders</term>
<term>Taste Disorders</term>
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<term>Troubles du goût</term>
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<term>Adult</term>
<term>Aged</term>
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<term>Male</term>
<term>Middle Aged</term>
<term>Pandemics</term>
<term>SARS-CoV-2</term>
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<term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term>
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<term>Goût</term>
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<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation, and initial results of a multilingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8 others, aged 19-79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (-79.7 ± 28.7, mean ± standard deviation), taste (-69.0 ± 32.6), and chemesthetic (-37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed>
<MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM">
<PMID Version="1">32564071</PMID>
<DateCompleted>
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>10</Month>
<Day>19</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised>
<Year>2021</Year>
<Month>02</Month>
<Day>25</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print">
<Journal>
<ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1464-3553</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
<Volume>45</Volume>
<Issue>7</Issue>
<PubDate>
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>10</Month>
<Day>09</Day>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Chemical senses</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Chem Senses</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>More Than Smell-COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination>
<MedlinePgn>609-622</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1093/chemse/bjaa041</ELocationID>
<Abstract>
<AbstractText>Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation, and initial results of a multilingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8 others, aged 19-79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (-79.7 ± 28.7, mean ± standard deviation), taste (-69.0 ± 32.6), and chemesthetic (-37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
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</AffiliationInfo>
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<ForeName>Kathrin</ForeName>
<Initials>K</Initials>
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</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Veldhuizen</LastName>
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<Affiliation>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg, Stockholm, Sweden.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Jingguo</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
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<ForeName>Elizabeth A</ForeName>
<Initials>EA</Initials>
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<ForeName>Julie</ForeName>
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<ForeName>Hüseyin</ForeName>
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<ForeName>Ilja</ForeName>
<Initials>I</Initials>
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<ForeName>Patricia Portillo</ForeName>
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<ForeName>Shima T</ForeName>
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<LastName>Margulis</LastName>
<ForeName>Eitan</ForeName>
<Initials>E</Initials>
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<LastName>Mignot</LastName>
<ForeName>Coralie</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
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<ForeName>Sajidxa</ForeName>
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<Initials>D</Initials>
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<ForeName>Pavan K</ForeName>
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<ForeName>Bettina</ForeName>
<Initials>B</Initials>
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<Investigator ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Wang</LastName>
<ForeName>Hong</ForeName>
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<Investigator ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Seyed-Allaei</LastName>
<ForeName>Shima</ForeName>
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<Investigator ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Yoluk</LastName>
<ForeName>Nur</ForeName>
<Initials>N</Initials>
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<Investigator ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Razzaghi-Asl</LastName>
<ForeName>Sara</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
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<Investigator ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Justice</LastName>
<ForeName>Jeb M</ForeName>
<Initials>JM</Initials>
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<Investigator ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Restrepo</LastName>
<ForeName>Diego</ForeName>
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<li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Argentine</li>
<li>Australie</li>
<li>Autriche</li>
<li>Belgique</li>
<li>Canada</li>
<li>Chili</li>
<li>Danemark</li>
<li>Espagne</li>
<li>Finlande</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Grèce</li>
<li>Inde</li>
<li>Iran</li>
<li>Israël</li>
<li>Italie</li>
<li>Japon</li>
<li>Norvège</li>
<li>Oman</li>
<li>Pays-Bas</li>
<li>Qatar</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
<li>Suisse</li>
<li>Suède</li>
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<li>Angleterre</li>
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<li>Connecticut</li>
<li>District de Cologne</li>
<li>District de Columbia</li>
<li>District de Darmstadt</li>
<li>District de Dresde</li>
<li>District de Haute-Bavière</li>
<li>District de Moyenne-Franconie</li>
<li>Finlande occidentale</li>
<li>Floride</li>
<li>Grand Londres</li>
<li>Gueldre (province)</li>
<li>Hesse (Land)</li>
<li>Illinois</li>
<li>Maryland</li>
<li>Massachusetts</li>
<li>Midi-Pyrénées</li>
<li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li>
<li>Oregon</li>
<li>Pennsylvanie</li>
<li>Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</li>
<li>Québec</li>
<li>Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</li>
<li>Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</li>
<li>Région de Kantō</li>
<li>Saxe (Land)</li>
<li>Svealand</li>
<li>Tennessee</li>
<li>Utrecht (province)</li>
<li>Uusimaa</li>
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<li>Écosse</li>
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<li>Bruxelles</li>
<li>Dijon</li>
<li>Dresde</li>
<li>Erlangen</li>
<li>Francfort-sur-le-Main</li>
<li>Helsinki</li>
<li>Juliers</li>
<li>Londres</li>
<li>Munich</li>
<li>Nice</li>
<li>Oslo</li>
<li>Stockholm</li>
<li>Tokyo</li>
<li>Toulouse</li>
<li>Trois-Rivières</li>
<li>Turku</li>
<li>University Park (Pennsylvanie)</li>
<li>Utrecht</li>
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<li>Wageningue</li>
<li>Édimbourg</li>
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<li>University College de Londres</li>
<li>Université Johann Wolfgang Goethe de Francfort-sur-le-Main</li>
<li>Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</li>
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<li>Université d'État de Pennsylvanie</li>
<li>Université de Londres</li>
<li>Université de Stockholm</li>
<li>Université de Tokyo</li>
<li>Université de Turku</li>
<li>Université de Wageningue</li>
<li>Université du Massachusetts</li>
<li>Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières</li>
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